CHAPTER 11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
Textbook used:
General Chemistry (7th Ed., Ebbing & Garmon):
1992 ~ Summer 2004
Chemistry (8th Ed., Raymond
Chang), Fall 2004
~ Fall 2006
Chemistry (10th Ed., Brown, Lemay & Bursten), Fall 2006 ~
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 11
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 12
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 13
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 14
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 15
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 16
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 17
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 18
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 19
PowerPoint Lecture Slides (BLB): Chap. 20
CHAPTER 11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
Chapter
11 STATES OF MATTER - SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
CH
13 Liquids & Solids (W)
The Review of CHEM 1211:
The
Periodic Table and Trends:
Atomic (& Ionic) Size:
Electronegativity, Ionization
Energy & Electron Affinity: Opposite Trend of the Size
Ionic, Polar & Covalent Compound
1. Comparison of Gases, Liquids and Solids (Chart, Picture, Movie)2. Changes of State: Phase
Transition and Phase Diagrams
Melting,
Freezing, Vaporization, Condensation, Sublimation
Vapor
Pressure, Boiling Point, Melting Point
Heat
of Vaporization, Heat of Fusion:
Applications: #1 Refrigerator
("How does it work ?")
#2 Air Con Question (Figure):
Answer
How
Temperature Influence Vapor Pressure: Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Derivation
of Two-Point Form of CCE:
Application: #1 VP
of Water at 85oC?, #2 Pressure
Cooker (New,
Old)
# 3 Boiling Point at
Mountain Tops
3. Phase Diagrams: See
the Figures (Water,
CO2,
Carbon)
Melting Point
Curve, Vapor Pressure Curves, Triple Point
Critical
Temperature & Pressure
4. Properties of Liquids: Surface
Tension and Viscosity
Surface
Tension Examples, Viscosity,
Bulk
Properties (an Extension)
Effect of IMF on the Bulk Properties (Water vs. Dimethylketone)
5. Intermolecular Forces (van der Waals
Forces):
Explaining Liquid
Properties
Forces
of Nature: Gravitational
vs.
Electrostatic Forces,
Example
with
NaCl
6. Classification of Solids by Types
of Attraction of Units (Table)
(1)
Molecular Solids, (2) Metallic Solids,
(3) Ionic Solids, (4) Covalent Network Solids
Physical Properties and Structure: MP, Hardness & Conductivity
Refer
to the Properties Table
7. Crystalline
Solids; Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
Brief
Intro: Lattice (2D/3D
Summary),
2D
Lattice,
3D Lattice (See
the Figure for Seven Type of 3D Lattice)
Cubic
Unit Cells: Simple, Body-Centered,
Face-Centered Cubic
Several
Types of Holes in Crystal Lattices
Summary
of the Four Structure
8. Structure of Some Crystalline Solids
(1)
Molecular Solids, (2)
Metallic
Solids, (3) Ionic Solids, (4)
Covalent
Network Solids
Two
Close-Packed Structure:
Hexagonal close-packed vs. Cubic
close-packed structure (Figure)
Three Structural Types of Ionic Solids:
(1) Cesium Chloride, (2) Sodium
Chloride, (3) Zinc Blende & Related
9. Calculation Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions
Example
10. Determining Crystal Structures by X-Ray Diffraction
1. Types of Solutions
Gaseous
Solutions, Liquid Solutions, Solid Solutions
Saturation
2. Solubility and Solution Process: "Like
Dissolves Like."
Factors
in Explaining Solubility:
(1) Entropy
Effect (mainly for Gaseous Solutions): Example
(2) Attractive
Forces (mainly for Liquid Solutions):
A. Molecular Solutions: Dipole-(Induced) Dipole Force,
B. Ionic Solutions: Ion-Dipole Force
"Why
Water and Oil Do Not Mix?"
How
Ionic Compounds Dissolve in a Polar Solvent: Movie,
Picture
3. The Effects of Temperature and Pressure
on Solubility
Temperature
Change, Pressure Change: Henry's Law
Solubility
- Misc.
4. Ways of Expressing Concentration:
Concentration and its Units:
Mass
%, Molarity, Molality,
Mole Fraction
and Mole %, ppm
5. Colligative
Properties: Vapor Pressure of a Solution
Lowering
of Vapor Pressure: Raoult's Law, Summary
Diagram
Ideal Solution
6. Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing
Point Depression
BP
Elevation, FP Depression: Apparatus
Examples:
Ethylene
Glycol,
Sea Water, Engine
Cooling Solution
7. Osmosis: Osmotic
Pressure
Examples
8. Colligative Properties of Ionic
Solutions:
van't
Hoff Factor (NP, 1901)
9. Colloids
(alternate file): Tyndall's Effect
Types
of Colloids, Hydrophilic and
Hydrophobic Colloids
Examples
of Coagulation, Association Colloids: Micelle, Soap,
Oil
Molecules Trapped inside a Soap Micelle
Cleaning
Action of a Detergent
* Supplementary Materials
on Concentration:
Equivalents
and Normality: Application (%
Iron in an Alloy)
" How to use the
Standard Deviation ? ": Spread of the Distribution
Comparison of Scores: How
much above (or below) the average ?
The
Bell Curve (i.e., Gaussian Normal Distribution Curve)
Chapter 14 RATES OF REACTIONS: CHEMICAL KINETICS
0. Background: Oxidation
of Iron, Overview
Mechanical
Velocity vs. Chemical Velocity
1. Definition
of Reaction Rate
What
affect a reaction rate?
Calculation of Average Rate, Instantaneous
Rate
2. Experimental Determination of Reaction
Rate
Examples,
Decomposition
of N2O5
3. Dependence of Rate Concentration:
Rate Law
Reaction
Order: First Order & Second Order Reaction
Examples,
Determining
the Rate Law: Example
4. Change of Concentration with Time
Concentration
-Time Equations: For a First
Order Reaction
First-Order
Rate Law: Derivation,
Example (N2O5)
Second-Order Rate Law: First
Order vs. Second Order
Diagnostic Plots: First Order (N2O5) & Second Order (NO2)
Half-Life (t1/2) of a Reaction,
Graphing of Kinetic Data
First-Order
Kinetics with Graphic Calculator
5. Temperature and Rate:
Collision
Theory and Transition State Theory
(1) Collision Frequency (z),
(2) Fraction of Collision with Effective Energy (f)
(3) Fraction of Collision with Effective Orientation (p): HI,
NOCl
Effect
of Temperature
Transition
State Theory: "What happens after a collision?"
Potential Energy Diagrams for Reactions, Activation Energy (Ea)
Energy
Distribution and Temperature: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
Energy Diagram: HI
Comparison
of Chemical Reaction vs. Vaporization
6. Arrhenius Equation: Arrhenius (NP,
1903)
Example
and Plots
Reaction Mechanism
7. Elementary Reaction
Molecularity of a Reaction: Unimolecular, Bimolecular
Other Examples (CCl4, Decomposition
of H2O2)
Rate
Equation for an Elementary Reaction
8. The Rate Law and Mechanism
Rate-Determining Step: Formation
of Nitryl Fluoride
Mechanism with an Initial Fast Step:
N2O5 (Picture)
More Examples: Reduction of
Nitric Oxide
9. Catalysis:
Homogeneous Catalysis: More Examples(
Mn(II)
)
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Role
of Catalyst: It Lowers
the Activation Energy Barrier
Catalytic
Hydrogenation
Other
Example:
Oxidation of SO2,
Energy
Diagram
Enzyme Catalysis, Automobile Catalytic
Converter
Chapter 15 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
CH 17 Chemical Equilibrium (W)
1. Chemical Equilibrium
-
A Dynamic Equilibrium
Example:
Catalytic Methanation, Decomposition of N2O5
Equilibrium
Concentrations
2. The Equilibrium Constant (Keq, Kc,
or K); Definition
Equilibrium
Concentration and Equilibrium Constant
Law of Mass Action
(Guldberg & Waage, 1864)
Experimental
Evidence
Example: Keq from
Equilibrium Concentration (HI)
3. Heterogeneous
Equilibria
More
Examples: Quick Lime
Equilibrium
Constant in terms of Pressure (for Gaseous Rxn): Kp
Equilibrium
Constant for the Sum of Reactions: K=K1K2
4. Qualitative
Interpretation of an Equilibrium Constant
Use
of an Equilibrium Constant
Ammonia,
Nitrogen Monoxide
5. Predicting the Direction of Reaction: Reaction Quotient
How to Solve an Equilibrium Problem
6. Calculating Equilibrium Concentration
Examples:
Catalytic
Methanation
HI,
Sulfur Trioxide (From Russell: 1, 2)
Quadratic
Formula,
Cubic Formula
A
Quartic Problem with Catalytic Methanation:
(a)
Numerical Method
of Pre-Computer Age
(b) Graphic Method with Calculator
(c) Numerical Method with
an Equation Solver
7. Shifts in Equilibrium: Le
Chatelier's Principle
Examples
(a) Effect
of Concentration
(b) Effect of the
Pressure and Temperature:
Changing
P & T
Choosing the Optimum Conditions
for Reaction
Evaluation of Keq at Different
Temperatures:
van't Hoff Eqn (cf. Clasius-Clapeyron
Eqn, Arrhenius Eqn)
(c) Effect
of Catalyst:
Catalytic Converter
Annual Production of Chemicals
Chapter 16 CHEMICAL REACTIONS: ACID-BASE
CH 10 Reactions in Aq. Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts (W)
0. Backgrounds: Ionization
of a Compounds,
Auto-ionization
1. Arrhenius
Concept of Acids and Bases
Hydrated
Hydrogen Ions
Strong
Acids and Strong Bases: Bar Graphs
of Dissociation,
Neutralization
2. Broensted-Lowry
Concept of Acids and Bases
Conjugate
Acid-Base Pair Picture
Conjugate-Base
of a Stronger Acid is a Weaker Base.
Which
Direction?, Amphiprotic
Species, A Summary
3. Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
4. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases:
The Table
Why
some OH compounds are acidic while others are basic?
Acidic
Oxides & Basic Oxides
5. Molecular
Structure of Acid Strength
HClOx Picture
6. Self-Ionization of Water
Molarity
of Water, Ions in Pure Water
7. Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases
8. The
pH of a Solution: pH of Water
pH
of Some Common Substances
How to Measure
pH of a Solution:
(1) Indicators: Litmus Paper, Indicator
Color Plate, Universal Indicators
(2) pH Meter: Principle, pH Electrodes
Chapter 17 ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA (pH Chapter)
CH
18 Ionic Equilibria I. Acids & Bases (W)
CH
19 Ionic Equilibria II. Buffers & Titration Curves (W)
0. Introduction: Background (1,
2)
Chapter
Overview, pH Calculation
Overview
1. Acid Ionization Equilibria: Ka
for
Strength
of Acids (Table)
Solutions
of Weak Acids:
How
to determine Ka experimentally? From
the Solution pH
Calculations
with Ka : Nicotinic
Acid (Approximation; If
Solved Exactly)
Example:
Aspirin
2. Polyprotic Acids: Examples
Calculation
with Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
3. Base
Ionization Equilibria;
Kb (Table)
Solutions of Weak
Bases:
4. Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions:
Hydrolysis
of a Salt (alt), pH of a Salt
Solutions
Prediction
of Whether a Salt Solution Is Acidic, Neutral, or Basic
Salt
of a Weak Acid and a Weak Base
Relationship
between Ka and Kb
A
Quiz: Answer
REVIEW: Strong Acids/Bases, Weak Acids/Bases in Parallel
5. Common-Ion
Effect
A
Mixture of a Weak Acid and a Strong Acid
A Mixture
of a Weak Acid and its Conjugate Base: Acidic
Buffers
A Mixture
of a Weak Base and its Conjugate Acid: Basic
Buffers
Adding an Acid (or a Base) to a Buffer,
and to a non-Buffer
Principle
of Buffer, The Buffer Region
in Titration
Blood
Buffer (A Carbonate Buffer): Carbonate
Ratio in Solutions
Henderson-Hasselbalch
Equation: Derivation,
Applications ( A,
B
)
6. Acid-Base Titration Curves
Titration of a
Strong Acid by a Strong Base:
(1)
Before
Eq. Pt. and Eq. Pt., (2)
After
Eq. Pt.
(3)
Semi-general
Equation, Full General Equation
The Titration Curve (
1,
2
at Various Conditions)
Acid-Base
Titration Curve with a Graphic Calculator: Animation
Derivation
of The General Expression (J. Chem. Educ., Vol. 77, No. 10, October,
p1367-1370, 2000)
Titration of a
Weak Acid by a Strong Base:
Curve
(at Various Ka)
Titration of a
Weak Base by a Strong Acid: Curve
* Supplementary Materials for Advanced
Students:
Semi-General
Treatment of a Weak Acid
General
Expression for pH of a Weak Acid
* Special Topic: Acid Rain and pH
Chapter 18 SOLUBILITY and COMPLEX-ION EQUILIBRIA
CH 20 Ionic Equilibria III. The Solubility Product Constant (W)
Contents,
Introduction/Background:
Examples
I & II, (alt.)
Definition
of Solubility, Comparison
of Solubility of Various Salts
1. The Solubility Product Constant (Ksp):
Definition
& Examples, Table,
How to Obtain Ksp
from Solubility? (CaC2O4),
How to Obtain Solubility
from Ksp (CaF2)?
2. Solubility and the Common Ion Effect
Example
3. Precipitation Calculation: Ion
Product
Example
of BaSO4
Fractional
Precipitation, Application: Softening
of Hard Water
4. Effect of pH on Solubility: Example
CaCO3 vs.
CaSO4
5. Complex-Ion Formation: Introduction
Some
Common Ligands,
Examples:
Rust
Remover, Fe(II)-EDTA,
Heme,
Chlorophyll
a, Vitamin B12
Formation
Constant ( = Stability Constant), Table
Example:
Ag(NH3)2+,
Amphoteric
Hydroxide
6. Complex-Ions and Solubility
Example:
AgCl
in NH3
7. Factors
that Influence Solubility
8. Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions
Flow
Chart
Chapter
19 THERMODYNAMICS and CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
CH
15 Chemical Thermodynamics (W)
Part
B. Spontaneity of Physical & Chemical Changes (S & G)
0. An Overview:
1. First
Law of Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Internal Energy
Application,
Internal
Energy Change upon Compression
Heat of Reaction
and Internal Energy: Zn in HCl
Enthalpy
and Enthalpy Change (Review "Chapter 6. Thermochemistry")
2. Entropy and
Second
Law of Thermodynamics (alt.): Aquarium,
Jelly
Bean
Entropy
Change for a Phase Transition: Graph
Spontaneous
process
Entropy &
Disorder:
Boltzmann
Equation,
Multiplicity
and Probability
Distribution(
2
Balls, n particles,
Air)
3. Standard
Entropy (Table) and Third
Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy
Change for a Reaction
4. Free Energy (What
is it?) and Spontaneity:
Standard
Free Energy of a Formation (Alt.),
Table
Standard
Free Energy Change: How to find it? Example:
Ethyl Alcohol
A
Criterion for Spontaneity
5. Interpretation of Free Energy
Maximum
Work, Free Energy Change During Reaction
6. Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant:
Relating
DGo
to the Eqm Constant: Graph
Thermodynamic
Equilibrium Constant
Free
Energy Change and Keq
Calculation
Example: Keq from Free Energy Change
7. Change of Free Energy with Temperature
Spontaneity and
Temperature Change, Diamond &
Graphite
Calculating
Free Energy Change at Various Temperature: CaCO3,
Urea
Summary
( Table )
Sample Test # 4: Sample Hour Exam, Sample Take-Home
Real Test # 4: Take-Home
Chapter
20 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
CH
21 Electrochemistry (W)
Background: Redox Reaction
1. Balancing
Redox Reactions: Redox Reactions
Half-Reaction Method:
Example (Ferrous/Permanganate)
2. Construction of Voltaic
Cells: Lemon
Battery
Voltaic
(Galvanic) Cell vs. Electrolytic Cell
Voltaic Cell
Example: Zn-Cu Cell (Figure A,B)
Activity
Series
3. Notation for Voltaic Cells
Normal
Hydrogen Electrode, NHE (or Standard Hydrogen Electrode, SHE)
4. Electromotive
Force (EMF or emf): Faraday Constant,
F
Calculating
Work from Cell Reaction: Example
5. Standard
Electrode Potentials and Standard
Cell EMF's
Table (1,
2),
Activity
Series
Strengths
of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Calculating
Cell EMF's from the Electrode Standard Potentials
6. Equilibrium
Constants from EMF's: Chart
How
to find Standard Cell Potential from Standard Free Energy of Reaction
7. Dependence of EMF's
and Concentrations
Nernst Equation
Determination
of pH: pH Meter, Glass Electrode (Picture)
8. Some Commercial
Voltaic Cells: A
Practical Question
The Common
Dry Cell (Leclanche Cell: 1, 2),
Small
Alkaline Dry Cell
Auto
Battery, Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell,
Rusting,
Cathodic
Protection
9. Electrolysis of Molten Salts
Molten
Sodium Chloride
10. Aqueous Electrolysis
Sulfuric
Acid Solution, Sodium Chloride Solution
Electroplating,
Electro-purification
11. Stoichiometry of Electrolysis
Example
Chapter
21 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
CH
26 Nuclear Chemistry (W)
1. Radioactivity
2. Nuclear Bombardment Reactions
3. Radiations & Matter: Detection & Biological Effects
4. Rate of Radioactive Decay
5. Application of Radioactive Isotopes
6. Mass-Energy Calculations: E=mc2
7. Nuclear Fission & Nuclear Fusion
Supplemental PowerPoint Lecture Material
PowerPoint Lecture Slides I (C)
PowerPoint Lecture Slides II(BLB),
.jpg){kind=link}
