Streams

Terms:

Concepts:

1. How does the longitudinal profile change along a stream? How does the cross-profile change along a stream?
2. How does velocity and discharge affect the erosion by a stream?
3. How does a stream erode? What are the factors of erosion? Hydraulic, solution, abrasion.
4. What are the various loads a stream carries? bed load, traction, saltation, suspension, dissolved.
5. What are the various stream deposits and depositional features?
6. What are the various erosional features of streams?
7. How does down-cutting and lateral cutting of streams relate to the stages of stream development? Youthful, Mature, Old Age, Rejuvenated.
8. List the various features found along the various stream stages?
9. What are the various drainage patterns produced by streams?
10. Give an example of a monadnock.

Groundwater

Concepts to know:

1. Hydrologic Cycle
2. Factors of infiltration, porosity, permeability
3. Zonation of the ground water, zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, springs, perched water table.
4. Factors of water wells, recharge, cone of depression, drawdown, artesian well.
5. Groundwater pollution
6. Groundwater action, erosional features, caves, sinkholes, solution valleys, karst topography.
7. Groundwater deposits, stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones, travertine, dripstone.
8. Groundwater features, geodes, concretions, vugs.
9. Hydrothermal groundwater, geysers, hot springs, mud pots, geyserite, geothermal energy.

Glaciers

Concepts to know:

1. Types of Glaciers; Valley, Mountain, Continental.
2. Formation of Glaciers, motion of glaciers. 3. Glacial erosion, plucking, abrasion, rock flour, striations.
3. Glacial erosional features; U-shaped valley, cirque, hanging valley, pater noster lakes, arete, horn, tarn, glacial tough.
4. Glacial deposits; till, glacial drift, moraines, end moraines, terminal moraines, ground moraines, recessional moraines, lateral moraines, medial moraines, drumlins, eskers, outwash plain, kames.
5. Glacial ages; Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan.

Structural Geology

Concepts to know:

1. Forces of work, stress, compressional, tensional, shear, strain, elastic, plastic, brittle, deformation, ductile, rupture.
2. Attitude of beds, strike, dip, dip angle, dip direction.
3. Fold parts, limbs, hinge line, hinge plane, axial plane, plunge, axis.
4. Types of folds, anticline, syncline, monocline, dome, basin.
5. Rules for folds.
6. Fractures, joints, faults.
7. Types of faults, dip-slip, normal, reverse, thrust, klippe, headwall, hanging wall, footwall, strike-slip, left-lateral, right-lateral, horst, graben.
8. Complexity of folds: symmetrical, asymmetrical - overturned, recumbent

Earthquakes

Concepts to know:

1. What is Seismology, what is studied?
2. What are the various types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes? Body waves, Surface waves, P-waves, S-waves, L-waves, Love waves, Rayleigh waves.
3. How are earthquakes recorded? Seismometer, seismograph, seismogram, locating earthquakes, intensity scale, magnitude scale, Mercalli, Richter.
4. What are the effects of earthquakes? tsunami, aftershocks, etc.
5. Where are earthquakes found? Their distribution? Benioff zone
6. How are earthquake predicted?
7. How are earthquakes located? focus, epicenter

The Earth's interior

Concepts to know:

1. Evidence from seismic waves, seismic reflection, seismic refraction.
2. The interior of the earth, crust, oceanic crust, continental crust, Mohorovicic discontinuity, mantle, lithosphere, asthenosphere, outer core, inner core.
3. What do meteorites tell us about the interior of the earth?