Chemistry of Earth Materials

1. Elements
   1. Atoms
      1. Parts
         1. Nucleus
            1. Protons
            2. Neutrons
         2. Electrons
      2. Atomic Number
      3. Atomic Mass
         • Isotope
         • Radioactivity
      4. Ions
         1. Cations
         2. Anions
   2. Bonding
      1. Ionic
      2. Covalent
      3. Metallic
      4. van der Waal's
2. Crystals
3. Composition of Crust
   • Elements by weight
4. Silicate structures
   1. Neso = isolated 1:4
   2. Ino = Chain
      1. single chain 1:3
      2. double chain 4:11
   3. Phyllo = sheet, 2:5
   4. Tecto = framework, 1:2
5. Minerals
   1. Naturally occurring
   2. Inorganic
   3. Crystalline solid
   4. Definite Chemical Comp.
   5. Characteristic Physical Properties
6. Physical Properties of Minerals
   1. Color
   2. Luster
   3. Hardness - Moh's Hardness
   4. Crystal Form
   5. Cleavage
   6. Fracture
   7. Streak
   8. Specific gravity
   9. X-ray diffraction
   10. Diaphaneity
   11. Fluorescence
   12. Magnetism
   13. Taste
   14. Touch
   15. Striations
   16. Chemical Property - Reaction with HCl.
7. Common Rock-Forming Minerals:
   1. Silicate Minerals
      1. Quartz
      2. Feldspar Group
         1. K-feldspar = K, Al, Si3 08
         2. Plagioclase
            1. Albite = Na, Al2 Si2 O8
            2. Anorthite = Ca, Al1,Si3 O8
      3. Ferromagnesian Groups
         1. Olivine
            1. Fayalite = Fe
            2. Forsterite = Mg
         2. Pyroxene = Augite
            • Single Chain Inosilicate
         3. Amphibole = Hornblende
            • Double Chain Inosilicate
      4. Mica Minerals
         1. Biotite
         2. Muscovite
         3. Lepidolite
         4. Phylogopite
      5. Clay Minerals
         1. Kaolinite
         2. Montmorrillonite
         3. Illite
         4. Smectite
   2. Non-Silicates
      1. Native Elements
      2. Carbonates
         1. Calcite
         2. Dolomite
      3. Sulfides
         1. Sphalerite = Zn
         2. Galena = Pb
         3. Chalcopyrite = Cu
         4. Pyrite = Fe
      4. Sulfates - Gypsum
      5. Oxides
         1. Magnetite
         2. Hematite
         3. Limonite