Glaciers

Formation of Ice

1. Snow
2. Granular Snow
3. Firn
4. Glacial Ice

Zonation of the Glacier

1. Zone of Accumulation
2. Snow Line
3. Zone of Wastage
   1. Ablation
   2. Calving - Icebergs

Flow in Ice

Types of Flow

1. Basal sliding
2. Plastic flow
3. Rigid flow
   • Crevasses

Types of Glaciers

1. Continental
   1. Ice Sheets
   2. Ice Caps
2. Valley or Alpine Glaciers
   • also known as Mountain Glaciers

Glacial Erosion

1. Processes of Erosion
   1. Frost Wedging
   2. Plucking
   3. Grinding
2. Small Scale Erosional Features
   1. Striations
   2. Grooves
   3. Chatter Marks

Alpine Glacial Erosional Landscape

1. U-shaped valleys
2. Hanging Valleys
3. Rock-Basin Lakes
   1. Tarn Lakes
   2. Pater-noster Lakes
4. Cirque
5. Arete
6. Horn

Glacial Depositional Features

1. Glacial Deposits
   1. Glacial Drift - Till
   2. Outwash
   3. Glacial Lake Deposits
      • Varves
2. Glacial Depositional Features
   1. Moraines = Till
      1. End Moraines
         1. Terminal Moraine
         2. Recessional Moraine
      2. Ground Moraine
      3. Medial Moraine
   2. Drumlins = Till
   3. Outwash Plain
   4. Esker = Outwash
   5. Kettle Lake

Causes of Widespread Glaciation

1. Milankovitch Theory
2. Increased Albedo
3. Increased Volcanic eruptions

1. Great Lakes
2. Channeled Scablands
3. Kettle Lakes of Minnesota and Wisconsin