Introduction

Science
1. Scientific Method
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
    1. a. multiple working hypotheses
  3. Experimentation
  4. Conclusion
2. Forms of Science
  1. Deductive
  2. Inductive
3. Stages of Induction
  1. Guess
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Theory
  4. Natural Law
Geological Principles
1. Nicolaus Steno - 1638 to 1686
  1. Nils Steensen
  2. Principle of Superposition - Prodromas - 1669
    1. Superposition
    2. Original Horizontality
    3. Original Lateral Continuity
2. William "Strata" Smith (1769 - 1840)
  1. Principle of Biologic Succession - Faunal or Floral Succession
    1. Index Fossils
      1. easily recognized - abundant
      2. widespread geographically
      3. restricted to a limited thickness of strata - short-lived geologically.
3. Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)
  1. Principle of Cross-cutting relationships
  2. Principle of Inclusions
4. Charles Darwin
  1. Evolution
    1. Natural Selection
    2. Alfred Russell Wallace
5. . Uniformity
  1. James Hutton (1726 - 1797)
    1. uniformity of earth processes
  2. Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)
    1. Uniformity
      1. Uniformity of causes or processes
      2. Uniformity of intensity
        
        Gradualism
Geological Controversies
1. Uniformitarianism
2. Catastrophism
  1. Baron George Leopold Cuvier (1769 - 1832)
  2. Alexander Brongniart (1770 - 1847)
3. Catastrophism - Uniformitarianism controversy
  1. gaps in the rock record
  2. young age for the earth
4. Neptunism
  1. Abraham Gottlob Werner - (1750 - 1817)
    1. Neptune
    2. Subdivisions of the rocks
      1. Primitive - Urgebirge
      2. Transition -Uebergangsgebirge
      3. Flotzgebirge
      4. Alluvium - Aufgeschwemmte Gebirge
      5. True Volcanics -Vulkanische Gesteine
    3. Short falls of Neptunism
5. Vulcanism
  1. Vulcan
  2. Nicholas Desmarest (1725-1815)
6. Plutonists
  1. Pluto
  2. James Hutton (1726-1797)